Australian History: James Scullin
Scullin was one of the Irish Catholics, inspired by Archbishop Mannix's opposition to 'England's war', who held the Labor Party together after Hughes and his henchmen defected. He was born at Trawalla near Ballarat in 1876, and had the classic beginnings for a Labor man of that era. He left school at about 12, toiled in jobs such as farmhand, woodcutter, surface worker on a goldmine and grocery assistant, and continued to educate himself. The Catholic Young Men's Society helped in his studies, and membership of a debating society honed an Irish talent for public speaking.
A meeting with Tom Mann, the English socialist, and marriage to a girt from a family of union activists, consolidated a youthful attraction to the Labor cause. He was a founder-member of the local Labor Party branch and soon became a full-time union organiser. In 1906 he blooded himself politically with an unsuccessful bid for Deakin's seat of Ballarat, then won the seat of Corangamite. But he lost it again in 1913 and spent the next few years as union organiser, editor of a Labor newspaper and anti-conscription activist.
In 1921 Labor had little hope of government and Scullin had to work patiently to win the seat of Yarra and become first deputy leader and then leader of the party. In October 1929 he led the victory over the Bruce-Page coalition.
Labor regained power full of brave aspirations. The Australian Broadcasting Commission came into being under the Scullin administration and he insisted that Isaac Isaacs should be appointed as the first Australian-born Governor General - but the side-effects of the Depression overwhelmed most Labor plans for progress and reform.
The flow of British capital to Australia suddenly stopped and the states could barely pay the interest on existing loans. Premier Jack Lang, of New South Wales, demanded a drop in interest rates and deferment of payments so that his government might help countless families in dire distress. Eventually he stopped payment and was dismissed from office. Scullin's government took over the repayments and responded to the Bank of England demands by organising the Premiers' Plan of massive spending cuts which slashed social services.
In this situation, Scullin had only two colleagues with previous ministerial experience: Joseph Lyons and 'Red Ted' Theodore, who had been Premier of Queensland. Scullin appointed Theodore Treasurer, but he had to resign due to a Royal Commission into his financial dealings while he had been Premier. Lyons became Acting Treasurer.
But when the Queensland government dropped the case against Theodore, Scullin reappointed him Treasurer. Lyons disliked and distrusted Theodore and soon crossed swords with him over his financial policies. Eventually Lyons led a splinter group away from Labor.
Scullin found himself caught between a hostile Senate, a caucus split into a right wing which supported him and radical 'Langites' who opposed him, the Lyons group and an Opposition thirsting for his political blood. Colleagues saw his hair turn snow-white in the conflict of loyalties and demands and Labor could do little to help a nation staggering under the impact of the Depression.
When the House, including the Lyons group, passed a motion of no confidence, Scullin feared Labor would split into left- and right-wing parties. He advised the Governor-General to dissolve Parliament and, in the subsequent elections, the United Australia Party swept into power.
Scullin continued as leader of the Labor Party until 1935 and he worked devotedly for the party until his death in 1953.